III. Определение
В
функции определения инфинитив всегда находится за определяемым словом
(существительным, прилагательным или порядковым числительным) и отвечает на
вопросы какой? в каком отношении?
Таким
образом, инфинитив в данной функции встречается в предложении в сочетаниях:
|
имя существительное
имя прилагательное
порядковое
числительное
(the first, the second, … the last)
Перевод
инфинитива зависит от определяемого слова, стоящего перед ним:
1. Инфинитив, определяющий существительное, передается на русский
язык следующими способами:
а) неопределенной формой
глагола.
e.g. They have no plans to
take part in this conference.
Они
не планируют (У них нет планов) принять участие в этой конференции.
e.g. There was every reason to
suppose that the seminar would be a success.
Были
все основания полагать, что семинар пройдет успешно.
б)
придаточным определительным предложением, с союзами кто, который, инфинитив передается глаголом-сказуемым в будущем
времени.
e.g. This is the topic to
be discussed at the next seminar.
Вот
вопрос, который будет обсуждаться на следующем семинаре.
e.g. The expedition to
start in May should combine archeologists and ethnographers.
Экспедиция,
которая отправится в мае, должна состоять из археологов и этнографов.
Следует
отметить, что достаточно часто инфинитив, определяющий существительное,
содержит в себе оттенок модальности (должествования, необходимости,
возможности), который при переводе на русский язык передается словами “должен, нужно,
необходимо, следует”, а сам инфинитив передается неопределенной формой глагола.
e.g. They discussed the hypothesis to be tested
by experiment.
Они
обсудили гипотезу, которую нужно было проверить экспериментом.
e.g. The supervisor mentioned the
book to be taken from any library.
Руководитель
упомянул книгу, которую можно взять в любой библиотеке.
e.g. It was the problem not to be easily solved.
Это
была проблема, которую нельзя было легко решить (было нелегко решить).
2. Инфинитив в функции определения, стоящий за именем
прилагательным, передается на русский язык неопределенной формой глагола в
простом предложении.
e.g. He is usually easy to
deal with.
С
ним обычно легко иметь дело.
e.g. Such people were not
pleasant to speak to.
С
такими людьми было неприятно разговаривать.
3. Инфинитив, определяющий порядковое числительное, передается на
русский язык сказуемым либо простого, либо придаточного определительного
предложения.
e.g. This laboratory is always
the first to ask for financial support.
Эта
лаборатория обычно первой просит о финансовой помощи.
e.g. That method was the last to
be used in the investigation.
Этот
метод использовали в исследовании последним.
Упражнение
1.Переведите следующие
предложения на русский
язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции определения имени
существительного
Примечание: Инфинитив в функции определения имеет модальные значения долженствования и возможности: I have a few books to read for my
exam. — Я должен прочитать к экзамену несколько
книг. Не has nothing interesting to say. — Он не
может сказать ничего
интересного.
1. I can't go to the theatre
tonight. I have a paper to prepare for the seminar. 2. In solving this problem,
we have only our own experimental results to go by. We have no one to ask, no
book to consult. 3. There are in every subject elements to be memorized, but
there are also some underlying principles to be understood. 4. She never had a
minute to spare at the office: there were letters to write, documents to type
and telephone calls to answer. 5.
Studying at the University, you will have information from various
sources to digest. 6. There is little useful information to be found in this
book, so you needn't read it. 7. On the first day of school, the teacher has
little attention to spare for individual pupils, because he has all the class
to organize. 8. Schoolchildren must always have plenty of good literature to
read. 9. There is a lot of work to be done, but I can do it in time. 10. We have been making the experiment for a
month, but we have no substantial results to report.
Упражнение
2.Переделайте следующие предложения по данному образцу и переведите их на
русский язык.
Образец: This is
the thing which must be done. → This
is the thing to be done
(to do).
1. The secretary brought the
papers that will be looked through. 2. The problems that will be
discussed are vital for our work. 3. The decision which
must be made is hardly an easy one.
4. This was a lucky chance that couldn't
be missed. 5. These are the measures that must be urgently taken. 6. Here are some new expressions that must be learnt. 7. The people that will be invited to the
conference will receive special invitations. 8. This is the issue which will be debated in the Parliament.
9. He has spoken about the new legislation which will be introduced.
Упражнение
3. Переведите
данные предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив, относящийся
к имени прилагательному или к порядковому числительному.
1. It was the first University
to be established in Britain.
2. Such people are always sad
to look at.
3. Peter was careless to leave
the door unlocked when he went out.
4. Could you tell me who was
the first to reach the South Pole?
5. Your friend was stupid to
give up his job when he needed money so badly.
6. Jill is very interesting to
talk to but so difficult to persuade.
7. That plane was the last to
arrive at gate 4 from Buenos Aires.
8. Ann will be generous to
forgive you and to land you the money.
9. Soccer is quite exciting to
watch,
10. When anything goes wrong,
Mary is generally the first to complain.
11. He is so careless. His
writing is usually so difficult to read.
12. Do you think the water was
safe to drink?
Упражнение
4. Переделайте предложения по образцу и переведите их на русский язык.
О б р а з е ц: It is difficult
to understand him. – He is difficult to
understand.
1. It is easy to find our
house. Our house is …
2. It was very hard to open
the window. The window was…
3. It is impossible to
translate some words.
4. It is not very difficult to
make bread.
5. It is not safe to stand on
this chair.
6. It is difficult to explain
some grammar rules.
7. It was hard to find a cheap
restaurant in that city.
Упражнение
5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив.
1. When there are unpleasant
matters to be discussed at home, it is
sometimes advisable to wait for
a suitable moment. 2. People are
afraid of being alone when they have
nothing to think about. 3. If they have any news, you’ll be
the first to know it. 4. The experiment will be hard to observe under such
conditions. 5. He is never bored because he has
a lot of books to read and much
work to do. 6. I am afraid you were stupid not to follow my example. 7. I
have a little problem to
talk to you about. 8. The Vikings
had little to contribute to European
culture, for their own level of
cultural development was very low. 9. Sue was kind
to offer help to me. 10. Some people keep worrying all the time even if they have nothing to worry about. 11. Who was the
last to leave the building last night? 12.The party was extremely boring,
because the people had nothing to say to each
other. 13. The Dean of the faculty was astonished to hear the news. 14.Every child must have plenty of friends to play
with.
Упражнение
6. Переведите
следующие предложения на русский язык, учитывая все особенности инфинитива в
функции определения.
1. The earliest
tablets to be discovered were of the native wood.
2. These printed lists contain
material not to be found elsewhere.
3. The
last problem to be considered is that dealing with the tablets.
4. The first European (Magellan) ever to sail across the wide Pacific was curious about the
hidden worlds beneath his ship.
5. The
choice of the road to be taken was not difficult. The Army was moving
northwards.
6. Kyushu
was the first island to be greatly
affected by intercourse with Europe in the
sixteenth century.
7. Evidently our power of making this comparison depends
upon our knowledge of the things to be compared.
8. The Globe
playhouse was opened in 1599, and it has been thought probable that «Julius
Caesar» was the first Shakespeare play
to be presented there.
9. It will
be seen that while the idealist
explanation tries to relate the phenomenon to be explained to some spiritual
cause, the materialist explanation relates it to material causes.
10. Did human beings always possess the power of speech? If not, when and how did they acquire it? Are human
beings the only ones to have it?
11.Only a
few men in all the history of the world have had the experience of descending,
alive, beyond the range of visible
light (into the ocean). The first to
do so were William Beeb and Otis
Barton (1934).
12.Under a
strange sky, where there was none to render
us aid, we tossed about over the sea.
13. I
suppose that there is more education to be had from that remark than from an
hour's reading of Ovid.
14.The
first foreign language and English word count to appear based on a scientific
foundation was that of Henmon in 1924.
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